Dukkha
Duḥkha (; Sanskrit: दुःख, Pali: dukkha) "uneasy, uncomfortable, unpleasant", often translated as "suffering", "pain", is an important concept in Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism, where it contextually takes the meaning of “unstable”, "unbalanced", "precarity, instability, an unreliable place to stand".
The term is derived from duḥ-sthā, 'standing unstable', but was Prākritized to duhkha. It's literal meaning as "suffering" has been criticized, and it has also been rendered as "restlessness", "a sense of unease, dissatisfaction, or incompleteness", the (sense of) "unsatisfactoriness" or "unease" of craving for and grasping after transient 'things' (i.e. sensory objects, including thoughts), or expecting pleasure from them while ignorant of this transientness.
In Buddhism, dukkha is part of the first of the Four Noble Truths and one of the three marks of existence. The term also appears in scriptures of Hinduism, such as the Upanishads, in discussions of moksha (spiritual liberation).
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